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Nobel
Prizes in Chemistry
- 1901
-
Jacobus
Henricus van 't Hoff (Netherlands, 1852-08-30 -
1911-03-01)
-
Discovery of
the laws of chemical dynamics and of the osmotic pressure
in solutions
- 1902
-
Emil H.
Fischer (Germany, 1852-10-09 - 1919-07-15)
-
Synthetic
studies in the area of sugar and purine groups
- 1903
-
Svante A.
Arrhenius (Sweden, 1859-02-19 - 1927-10-02)
-
Theory of
electrolytic dissociation
- 1904
-
Sir William
Ramsay (United Kingdom, 1852-10-02 - 1916-07-23)
-
Discovery of
the indifferent gaseous elements in air (noble gases)
- 1905
-
Adolf von
Baeyer (Germany, 1835-10-31 - 1917-08-20)
-
Organic dyes
and hydroaromatic compounds
- 1906
-
Henri
Moissan (France, 1852-09-28 - 1907-02-20)
-
Investigation
and isolation of the element fluorine
- 1907
-
Eduard
Buchner (Germany, 1860-05-20 - 1917-08-13)
-
Biochemical
studies, discovery of fermentation without cells
- 1908
-
Sir Ernest
Rutherford (United Kingdom, 1871-08-30 - 1937-10-19)
-
Decay of the
elements, chemistry of radioactive substances
- 1909
-
Wilhelm
Ostwald (Germany, 1853-09-02 - 1932-04-04)
-
Catalysis,
chemical equilibria and reaction rates
- 1910
-
Otto Wallach
(Germany, 1847-03-27 - 1931-02-26)
-
Alicyclic
compounds
- 1911
-
Marie Curie
(France, Poland, 1867-11-07 - 1934-07-04)
-
Discovery of
radium and polonium
- 1912
-
Victor
Grignard (France, 1871-05-16 - 1935-12-13)
-
Grignard's
reagent
-
Paul
Sabatier (France, 1854-11-05 - 1941-08-14)
-
Hydrogenation
of organic compounds in the presence of finely divided
metals
- 1913
-
Alfred
Werner (Switzerland, 1866-12-12 - 1919-11-15)
-
Bonding
relations of atoms in molecules (inorganic chemistry)
- 1914
-
Theodore W.
Richards (USA, 1868-01-31 - 1928-04-02)
-
Determination
of atomic weights
- 1915
-
Richard
Willstätter (Germany, 1872-08-13 - 1942-08-03)
-
Investigation
of plant pigments, particularly of chlorophyll
- 1916 -
- 1917 -
- 1918
-
Fritz Haber
(Germany, 1868-12-09 - 1934-01-29)
-
Synthesis of
ammonia from its elements
- 1919 -
- 1920
-
Walther H.
Nernst (Germany, 1864-06-25 - 1941-11-18)
-
Studies on
thermodynamics
- 1921
-
Frederick
Soddy (United Kingdom, 1877-09-02 - 1956-09-22)
-
Chemistry of
radioactive substances, occurrence and nature of the
isotopes
- 1922
-
Francis W.
Aston (United Kingdom, 1877-09-01 - 1945-11-20)
-
Discovery of a
large number of isotopes, mass spectrograph
- 1923
-
Fritz Pregl
(Austria, 1869-09-03 - 1930-12-13)
-
Microanalysis
of organic compounds
- 1924 -
- 1925
-
Richard A.
Zsigmondy (Germany, Austria, 1865-04-01 - 1929-09-29)
-
Colloid
chemistry (ultramicroscope)
- 1926
-
Theodor
Svedberg (Sweden, 1884-08-30 - 1971-02-26)
-
Disperse
systems (ultracentrifuge)
- 1927
-
Heinrich O.
Wieland (Germany, 1877-06-04 - 1957-08-05)
-
Constitution of
bile acids
- 1928
-
Adolf
Windaus (Germany, 1876-12-25 - 1959-06-09)
-
Study of
sterols and their relation with vitamins (vitamin D)
- 1929
-
Hans von
Euler-Chelpin (Sweden, Germany, 1873-02-15 -
1964-11-06)
-
Arthur
Harden (United Kingdom, 1861-10-12 - 1940-06-17)
-
Studies on
fermentation of sugars and enzymes
- 1930
-
Hans Fischer
(Germany, 1881-07-27 - 1945-03-31)
-
Studies on
blood and plant pigments, synthesis of hemin
- 1931
-
Friedrich
Bergius (Germany, 1884-10-11 - 1949-03-30)
-
Carl Bosch
(Germany, 1874-08-27 - 1940-04-26)
-
Development of
chemical high-pressure processes
- 1932
-
Irving
Langmuir (USA, 1881-01-31 - 1957-08-16)
-
Surface
chemistry
- 1933 -
- 1934
-
Harold C.
Urey (USA, 1893-04-29 - 1981-01-06)
-
Discovery of
heavy hydrogen (deuterium)
- 1935
-
Frédéric
Joliot (France, 1900-03-19 - 1958-08-14)
-
Irène
Joliot-Curie (France, 1897-09-12 - 1956-03-17)
-
Syntheses of
new radioactive elements (artificial radioactivity)
- 1936
-
Peter J. W.
Debye (Germany, Netherlands, 1884-03-24 - 1966-11-02)
-
Studies on
dipole moments and the diffraction of X rays and electron
beams by gases
- 1937
-
Sir Walter
N. Haworth (United Kingdom, 1883-03-19 - 1950-03-19)
-
Studies on
carbohydrates and vitamin C
-
Paul Karrer
(Switzerland, 1889-04-21 - 1971-06-18)
-
Studies on
carotenoids and flavins and vitamins A and B2
- 1938
-
Richard Kuhn
(Germany, 1900-12-03 - 1967-07-31)
-
Studies on
carotenoids and vitamins
- 1939
-
Adolf F. J.
Butenandt (Germany, 1903-03-24 - 1995-01-18)
-
Studies on
sexual hormones
-
Leopold
Ruzicka (Switzerland, 1887-09-13 - 1976-09-26)
-
Studies on
polymethylenes and higher terpenes
- 1940 -
- 1941 -
- 1942 -
- 1943
-
George de
Hevesy (Hungary, 1885-08-01 - 1966-07-05)
-
Application of
isotopes as indicators in the investigation chemical
processes
- 1944
-
Otto Hahn
(Germany, 1879-03-08 - 1968-07-28)
-
Discovery of
the nuclear fission of atoms
- 1945
-
Artturi I.
Virtanen (Finland, 1895-01-15 - 1973-11-11)
-
Discoveries in
the area of agricultural and food chemistry, method of
preservation of fodder
- 1946
-
John H.
Northrop (USA, 1891-07-05 - 1987-05-27)
-
Wendell M.
Stanley (USA, 1904-08-16 - 1971-06-15)
-
Preparation of
enzymes and virus proteins in pure form
-
James B.
Sumner (USA, 1887-11-19 - 1955-08-12)
-
Crystallizability
of enzymes
- 1947
-
Sir Robert
Robinson (United Kingdom, 1886-09-13 - 1975-02-08)
-
Studies on
alkaloids
- 1948
-
Arne W. K.
Tiselius (Sweden, 1902-08-10 - 1971-10-29)
-
Analysis by
means of electrophoresis and adsorption, discoveries about
serum proteins
- 1949
-
William F.
Giauque (USA, 1895-05-12 - 1982-03-28)
-
Contributions
to chemical thermodynamics, properties at extremely low
temperatures (adiabatic demagnetization)
- 1950
-
Kurt Alder
(Germany, 1902-07-10 - 1958-06-20)
-
Otto P. H.
Diels (Germany, 1876-01-23 - 1954-03-07)
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Development of
the diene synthesis
- 1951
-
Edwin M.
McMillan (USA, *1907-09-18)
-
Glenn Th.
Seaborg (USA, 1912-04-19 - 1999-02-25)
-
Discoveries in
the chemistry of transuranium elements
- 1952
-
Archer J. P.
Martin (United Kingdom, *1910-03-01)
-
Richard L.
M. Synge (United Kingdom, 1914-10-28 - 1994-08-18)
-
Invention of
distribution chromatography
- 1953
-
Hermann
Staudinger (Germany, 1881-03-23 - 1965-09-08)
-
Discoveries in
the area of macromolecular chemistry
- 1954
-
Linus
Carl Pauling (USA, 1901-02-28 - 1994-08-19)
-
Studies on the
nature of the chemical bond (molecular structure of
proteins)
- 1955
-
Vincent du
Vigneaud (USA, 1901-05-18 - 1978-12-11)
-
Synthesis of a
polypeptide hormone
- 1956
-
Sir Cyril N.
Hinshelwood (United Kingdom, 1897-06-19 - 1967-10-09)
-
Nikolai N.
Semjonow (Soviet Union, 1896-04-15 - 1986-09-25)
-
Mechanisms of
chemical reactions
- 1957
-
Sir
Alexander R. Todd (United Kingdom, *1907-07-02)
-
Studies on
nucleotides and their coenzymes
- 1958
-
Frederick
Sanger (United Kingdom, *1918-08-13)
-
Structure of
proteins, especially of insulin
- 1959
-
Jaroslav
Heyrovský (Czechoslovakia, 1890-12-20 -
1967-03-27)
-
Polarography
- 1960
-
Willard F.
Libby (USA, 1908-12-17 - 1980-09-08)
-
Application of
carbon 14 for age determinations (radiocarbon dating)
- 1961
-
Melvin
Calvin (USA, *1911-04-07)
-
Studies on the
assimilation of carbonic acid by plants (photosynthesis)
- 1962
-
John Cowdery
Kendrew (United Kingdom, *1917-03-24)
-
Max
Ferdinand Perutz (United Kingdom, Austria,
*1914-05-19)
-
Studies on the
structures of globulin proteins
- 1963
-
Giulio Natta
(Italy, 1903-02-26 - 1979-05-02)
-
Karl Ziegler
(Germany, 1898-11-26 - 1973-08-11)
-
Chemistry and
technology of high polymers
- 1964
-
Dorothy
Crowfoot-Hodgkin (United Kingdom, *1910-05-12)
-
Structure
determination of biologically important substances by
means of X rays
- 1965
-
Robert Burns
Woodward (USA, 1917-04-10 - 1979-07-08)
-
Syntheses of
natural products
- 1966
-
Robert S.
Mulliken (USA, 1896-06-07 - 1986-10-31)
-
Studies on
chemical bonds and the electron structure of molecules by
means of the orbital method
- 1967
-
Manfred
Eigen (Germany, *1927-05-09)
-
George
Porter (United Kingdom, *1920-12-06)
-
Ronald G. W.
Norrish (United Kingdom, 1897-11-09 - 1978-06-07)
-
Investigations
of extremely fast chemical reactions
- 1968
-
Lars Onsager
(USA, Norway, 1903-11-27 - 1976-10-05)
-
Studies on the
thermodynamics of irreversible processes
- 1969
-
Odd Hassel
(Norway, 1897-05-17 - 1981-05-13)
-
Derek H.
Barton (United Kingdom, *1918-09-08)
-
Development of
the concept of conformation
- 1970
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Luis F.
Leloir (Argentina, *1906-09-06)
-
Discovery of
sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of
carbohydrates
- 1971
-
Gerhard
Herzberg (Canada, 1904-12-25 - 1999-03-03)
-
Electron
structure and geometry of molecules, particularly of free
radicals (molecular spectroscopy)
- 1972
-
Christian B.
Anfinsen (USA, *1916-03-26)
-
Studies on
ribonuclease
-
Stanford
Moore (USA, 1913-09-04 - 1982-08-23)
-
William H.
Stein (USA, 1911-06-25 - 1980-02-02)
-
Studies on the
active center of ribonuclease
- 1973
-
Ernst Otto
Fischer (Germany, *1918-11-10)
-
Geoffrey
Wilkinson (United Kingdom, *1921-07-14)
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Chemistry of
metal-organic sandwich compounds
- 1974
-
Paul J.
Flory (USA, 1910-06-19 - 1985-09-09)
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Physical
chemistry of macromolecules
- 1975
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John W.
Cornforth (United Kingdom, *1917-09-07)
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Stereochemistry
of enzyme catalysis reactions
-
Vladimir
Prelog (Switzerland, Yugoslavia, 1906-07-23 -
1998-01-07)
-
Studies on the
stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions
- 1976
-
William N.
Lipscomb (USA, *1919-12-09)
-
Structure of
boranes
- 1977
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Ilya
Prigogine (Belgium, *1917-01-25)
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Contributions
to the thermodynamics of irreversible processes,
particularly to the theory of dissipative structures
- 1978
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Peter D.
Mitchell (United Kingdom, *1920-09-29)
-
Studies of
biological energy transfer, development of the
chemiosmotic theory
- 1979
-
Georg Wittig
(Germany, 1897-06-16 - 1987-08-26)
-
Herbert C.
Brown (USA, *1912-05-22)
-
Development of
(organic) boron and phosphorous compounds
- 1980
-
Paul Berg
(USA, *1926-06-30)
-
Studies on the
biochemistry of nucleic acids, particularly hybrid DNA
(technology of gene surgery)
-
Walter
Gilbert (USA, *1932-03-21)
-
Frederick
Sanger (United Kingdom, 1918-08-13)
-
Determination
of base sequences in nucleic acids
- 1981
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Kenichi
Fukui (Japan, *1918-10-04)
-
Roald
Hoffmann (USA, *1937-07-18)
-
Theories on the
progress of chemical reactions (frontier orbital theory)
- 1982
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Aaron Klug
(United Kingdom, *1926-08-11)
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Development of
crystallographic methods for the elucidation of
biologically important nucleic acid protein complexes
- 1983
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Henry Taube
(Canada, *1915-11-30)
-
Reaction
mechanisms of electron transfer, especially with metal
complexes
- 1984
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Robert Bruce
Merrifield (USA, *1921-07-15)
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Method for the
preparation of peptides and proteins
- 1985
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Herbert A.
Hauptman (USA, 1917-02-14)
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Jerome Karle
(USA, 1918-06-18)
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Development of
direct methods for the determination of crystal structures
- 1986
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John C.
Polanyi (Canada, *1929-01-23)
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Dudley R.
Herschbach (USA, *1932-06-18)
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Yuan Tseh
Lee (USA, *1936-11-29)
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Dynamics of
chemical elementary processes
- 1987
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Donald J.
Cram (USA, *1919-04-22)
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Charles J.
Pedersen (USA, 1904-10-03 - 1989-10-26)
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Jean-Marie
Lehn (France, *1939-09-30)
-
Development of
molecules with structurally specific interaction of high
selectivity
- 1988
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Johann
Deisenhofer (Germany, *1943-09-30)
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Robert Huber
(Germany, *1937-02-20)
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Hartmut
Michel (Germany, *1948-07-18)
-
Determination
of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic
reaction center
- 1989
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Sidney
Altman (Canada, *1939-05-08)
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Thomas
Robert Cech (USA, *1947-12-08)
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Discovery of
the catalytic properties of ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- 1990
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Elias James
Corey (USA, *1928-07-12)
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Development of
novel methods for the synthesis of complex natural
compounds (retrosynthetic analysis)
- 1991
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Richard
Robert Ernst (Switzerland, *1933-08-14)
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Development of
high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR)
- 1992
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Rudolph A.
Marcus (USA, *1923)
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Theories of
electron transfer
- 1993
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Kary Banks
Mullis (USA, *1944)
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Invention of
the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
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Michael
Smith (Canada, *1932)
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Development of
site specific mutagenesis
- 1994
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George
A. Olah (USA, *1927)
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Carbocations
- 1995
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Paul Crutzen
(Netherlands, *1933)
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Mario Molina
(Mexico, *1943)
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Frank
Sherwood Rowland (USA, *1927)
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for their work
in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the
formation and decomposition of ozone
- 1996
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Robert F.
Curl, Jr. (USA, *1933)
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Sir Harold
W. Kroto (United Kingdom, *1939)
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Richard E.
Smalley (USA, *1943)
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for their
discovery of fullerenes
- 1997
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Paul D.
Boyer (USA, *1918)
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John E.
Walker (United Kingdom, *1941)
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for their
elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the
synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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Jens C. Skou
(Denmark, *1918)
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for the first
discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase
- 1998
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Walter Kohn
(USA, *1923)
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John A.
Pople (United Kingdom/USA, *1925)
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to Walter Kohn
for his development of the density-functional theory and
to John Pople for his development of computational methods
in quantum chemistry (GAUSSIAN computer programs)
- 1999
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Ahmed
H. Zewail (USA, Egypt, *1946)
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for his studies
of the transition states of chemical reactions using
femtosecond spectroscopy
- 2000
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Alan J.
Heeger (USA, *1936)
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Alan G.
MacDiarmid (USA, *1927)
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Hideki
Shirakawa (Japan, *1936)
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for the
discovery and development of conductive polymers
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